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 ... learned to fly at a local club. He
was the only crew member with pre
vious space flight experience, having
flown in Soyuz 7 in October 1969. He,
too, was married and with one son.
THE RETURN OF SOYUZ 11
THE OPERATIONAL programme for the Soyuz 11 crew aboard Salyut was completed in full on June 29, according to
a Soviet announcement, and the cosmonauts were
instructed to return to Earth. S...
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 ...ikonur Cosmodrome on 24
October, 1960; the wreckage of the Soyuz
1, in which Vladimir Komorov was killed
on 24 April, 1967; recovery workers
attempting to revive three dead cosmo
nauts after the Soyuz 11 landing on 30
June, 1971; and the world's first and only
known use of a launch escape-system by
the crew of a manned spacecraft, the
Soyuz T10A, on 27 September, 1983.
• On 24 October, 1...
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 ...
David Woolley
Assistant Editor (Technical)
Peter Middleton
Editorial Staff
Paul Ellis
Charles M. Glison
Ted Wilding-White
Air Photography
Tom Hamill
Photographic Librarian
Ann C. Tilbury
Soyuz 11 and beyond
Until the Soviet authorities pub
lish the cause of the Soyuz 11
accident even the most expert
space engineer or doctor, in pri
vate or in the Press, should be
reluctant to ju...
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 ... structure expands
into a 13ft, 4m-diameter cylinder. A 6ft-wide tube brings
up the rear.
It was not clear from the Soviet statement whether the
overall length, given as about 65ft, 20m, included Soyuz 11.
If so, this would make Salyut only about 33ft, 10m long
or about the same length as Soyuz itself—which is belied
by the photographs. More appropriately, this figure seems
to fit the over...
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 ...06
by biomedical stations. Further subsystems are placed at
the end in walled-off compartments. Soyuz 11 is also carry
ing equipment for use as part of the Salyut research pro
gramme. Other subsystems are located outside and in the
unpressurised section at the rear.
The station is undoubtedl...
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 ...sed to Earth some 18hr after the Apollo CSM has
left lunar orbit. Astronaut Worden will be shown outside
the craft as he retrieves film casettes from cameras
mounted on the service module. K.W.G.
SOYUZ 11: FIRST RESULTS
Preliminary results of the flight of Georgi Dobrovolski,
Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayev, who died in the
Soyuz 11 command module during re-entry, have been
given by A...
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 ...cs of the Sun's
nearest permanent neighbour. Mercury is so close to the
Sun (only 36 million miles) that it is very difficult to see
with the naked eye, though it has been known since
antiquity.
SOYUZ 11: CAUSE DETAILED
Soviet space officials have disclosed that an accidentally
opened exhaust valve caused the deaths of the three
cosmonauts in the Soyuz 11 spacecraft on June 30, 1971.
A de...
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 ...ollo 15 astronauts will be required to wear pressure
suits during Lunar Module jettison before beginning the
return journey. This decision was taken as a result of a
Nasa review which followed the Soyuz 11 accident last
month. The astronauts will not, however, wear the suits
during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.
Announcing its decision, Nasa said that the review
"reconfirmed the high...
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 ...URATION RECORD FOR SOYUZ II?
The Soyuz 11 crew is expected to stay aboard Salyut for as
long as 25 days, according to reports from Moscow last
week. The reports, from what are considered as informed
sources, said that the original...
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 ...illion bank loans to Lockheed
began when the Senate Banking Com
mittee met to start its deliberations.
Salyut Manned
The Soviet Union has placed a crew
aboard its orbiting space station
Salyut. Soyuz 11, carrying three cosmo
nauts, was launched on a rendezvous
mission at 04.55 GMT on June 6. Mis
sion objective was stated as a pro
gramme of Earth-resources survey,
meteorological, space p...
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 ...they tried un
successfully to buy an Apollo space-
suit from the manufacturer, bypassing
the standard international trade
organisations. The pressure suit worn
by all Soviet cosmonauts since the
Soyuz 11 disaster in 1971 is an emer
gency pressure garment rather than
an EVA suit. It is designed only for
limited protection during brief but
critical phases of a mission. There is,
for exampl...
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 ...e than half of
the Boeing 707s in use by United
Kingdom operators (corporation and
independent) have been modified and
operators' known plans indicate that
all aircraft will be modified by late
Soyuz 11: Decompression confirmed
The death of the three crew mem
bers of Soyuz 11 is now definitely
attributed to sudden depressurization
of the space craft, some 30min be
fore touchdown.
In a ...
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 ...equip
ment, and it was surmised that a
longer mission was planned than the
two-day flight of Soyuz 12. From the
Tass comments, it is reasonable to
assume that the period between the
accident to Soyuz 11 in June 1971
and the launch of Soyuz 12 last
autumn has been employed to review
and refine many of the spacecraft
systems in addition to rectifying what
appear to be the very simple faul...
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 ...rturbing effect of the
Earth's magnetic field, appears to be isotropic, i.e., their
S STATEMENT ON SOYUZ II
Nobody expected that the Soviet committee of enquiry T
which has been investigating the Soyuz 11 accident would
-i finally publish a document as comprehensive as that issued
,. by Nasa after the Apollo 13 flight. It is nevertheless dis
appointing to record that the findings of the com...
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 ...ree sites.
"SALYUT" ENDURANCE SUSTAINED
The Soviet orbital space station, Salyut, was manoeuvred
into a higher orbit of 89-9min early on August 18, the
third manoeuvre since it was vacated by the Soyuz 11
cosmonauts on June 29. The following day, a second burn
further increased the period to 90-4min. Prior to the two
manoeuvres the period had fallen to just under 89min.
The new altitude sh...
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 ... observers to be carrying another Salyut vehicle,
blew up later in the same month and a third rocket—which
was also destroyed—was launched three days before
America's Sky lab. Meanwhile, after the Soyuz 11 disaster
in which three astronauts were killed in 1971, Soyuz 12
and 13 were flown in September and December last year
to test the new design of two-man spacecraft. Soyuz 14
is the third ...
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 ... to
return through the hatch that
separated him from the pressurised
section occupied by Romanenko. A
similar event caused the deaths of
Salyut l's first occupants in 1971,
when a vent valve on Soyuz 11 stuck
in the open position after separation
and before return to Earth.
Ground controllers ordered
Romanenko to begin the flow of air
into the transfer compartment to
check the telemetr...
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 ...SPACEFLIGHT
Inmarsat rules out
LEO for Project 21
BY TIM FURNISS
Inmarsat, the international mobile-satellite-communica
tions organisation, has elimi
nated low-Earth-orbit (LEO)
satellites as p...
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 ...ed
tanker/supply craft.
Salyut flights date back to April
1971, when the first station was placed
in orbit. It was the target for Soyuz
10, although this crew did not enter
the station, and for Soyuz 11, whose
threes-mail crew spent more than 22
days inside the cylindrical vehicle.
Salyut 2, launched in April 1973, was
never manned. Salyut 3, sent up more
than a year later, accommodated...
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 ... weeks
at least.
Some Western observers had ex
pected the reappearance of the three-
man ferry craft. Soyuz was originally
designed to carry three people, sub
sequently limited to two after the
Soyuz 11 accident, when bulky pres
sure suits became mandatory. With
only a single docking port on the
standard Salyut space station, crews
are therefore limited to only two
people at any one tim...
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