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Aviation History
1926
1926 - 1008.PDF
DECEMBER 30, 1926 AIR MINISTRY NOTICES TO AIRMEN Civil Air Navigators : Regulations for the Issue of Licences IN- consequence of recent amendments to Annex E of the International Air Convention, new regulations governing the circumstances in which a navigator must be carried on aircraft and minor changes in the syllabuses of the examination for the first and second-class licences will be brought into force as from January 1, 1928. The requirements will be to the following effect:— I.— Requirements concerning the Carriage of Navigators 1. There shall be two classes of licences for navigators, viz., second class and first class. 2. A navigator who holds a second-class licence shall be on board :— (a) every flying machine carrying passengers or goods for hire or reward, and having to make a continuous flight of more than 100 miles over inhabited regions, or of more than 100 miles but not more than 310 miles entirely over the high seas or uninhabited regions, or of more than 15 miles but not more than 310 miles by night : and (b) every airship of less than 700,000 cubic feet capacity, for every journey or flight. 3. A navigator who holds a first-class licence shall be on board :— (a) every flying machine carrying passengers or goods for hire or reward and having to make a continuous flight of more than 310 miles either entirely over the high seas or uninhabited regions, or by night ; and (b) every airship of 700,000 cubic feet capacity or more, for every journey or flight. 4. A flying machine pilot who holds the necessary navi- gator's certificate may, even if he is alone on board, fulfil the duties of navigator :— in the case of day flights over inhabited regions, or in the "case of day flights of not more than 310 miles over the high seas or uninhabited regions, or in the case of night flights over routes suitably marked and recognised as such by the competent authorities. A flying machine pilot shall not perform the functions of navigator, either on a continuous flight of more than 310 miles over the high seas or uninhabited regions, or on a flight by night except in the case provided for in the preceding sub- paragraph, unless a second pilot is on board, who can in case of need take charge of the flying machine. When, in addition to the pilot, an aircraft is required to have on board another member of the crew, the latter, if he holds the necessary navigator's certificate, may fulfil the duties of navigator, in the cases provided for in paragraphs 2 and 3 above. NOTE.—For the purpose of the foregoing paragraphs :— An " uninhabited region " is a region where, in consequence of the sparsity of the population and of the absence of natural landmarks or of the insufficiency of the maps, the difficulties of navigation are similar to those met with over the high seas. A " night flight " is a flight which normally will continue for more than an hour after sunset or a flight commencing more than an hour before sunrise. A " flight over the high seas " is one in the course of which an aircraft, in following a straight line, may find itself at a distance of more than 30 miles from the nearest shore. II.—Requirements for Navigators' Licences A.—Second-class Licence 1. Air Experience.—The candidate must produce proof that he has had at least two years' air experience as an operative member of the crew of an aircraft, during which at least 300 hours must have been spent in the air. 2. Subjects of Examination.— (i) Form of the Earth ; its divisions and their notation, (ii) Maps and charts : how to read and use them ; practical properties of different projections used in aviation. (iii) Earth's magnetism, compasses, their construction, use and adjustment. (iv) Flight by dead reckoning, with the use of instruments for the measurement and calculation of the elements of the triangle of velocities, (v) Navigation by radiogoniometric bearings ; methods of fixing the position of an aircraft, with the applica- tion of the necessary corrections, (vi) International air legislation ; regulations for pre- venting collisions at sea, publications for the assist- ance of navigators. (vii) Meteorology ; meteorological observations, arrange- ments for the issue of meteorological reports for aviation ; principles of forecasting, construction and interpretation of synoptic charts, climatology. (viii) Visual signalling. (a) Use of signalling apparatus :— (1) Semaphore—Ground. Ability to send and receive accurately messages made in plain language at the rate of 10 words per minute. (2) Flashing—Ground and Air. Ability to send and receive accurately messages made either in coded groups or in plain language and numerals at the rate of eight words per minute on the ground and six words per minute in the air. (As regards the rates of words referred to in (1) and (2) above, each word or group equivalent to a word will consist of at least five signals (letters or numerals.)) (b) Semaphore and Flashing Procedure. Detailed knowledge of the procedure for opening up com- munication and conducting messages by both of the above methods. \c) International Code—Flags. 'Names and colours of the flags. Methods of reading the flags when hoisted. B, First-class Licence. 1. Air Experience.—The candidate must produce proof that he has had at least four years' air experience as an operative member of the crew of an aircraft during which at least 600 hours must have been spent in the air, not less than 100 hours of this being experience of navigation in the air and not less than 15 hours being air experience in night-flying. 2. Subjects of Examination.— (i) Form of the Earth ; mathematical calculation of the various elements, i.e., " the sailings " to obtain course and distance. (ii) Maps and charts ; principles of construction of the common forms of projection used in aviation. (iii) Tides ; elementary theory and prediction by the aid of tables. (iv) Astronomical navigation, various methods of fixing the position of an aircraft, with the use and care of tables, diagrams and instruments for the solution of this problem, knowledge of the mathematics involved. (v) Meteorology, more advanced knowledge of the subjects detailed in the requirements for the second- class licence. (vi) General knowledge of wireless telegraphy and of the handling of internal-combustion engines used in aviation. III.—Requirements for the Issue of Licences Applicants for licences will be required to satisfy the examining board of the Air Ministry that they fulfil the conditions as to air experience, and will be required to pass an examination which will take the form of written papers, oral examination and practical tests. Candidates before taking the examination for a first-class licence must pass the examination for a second-class licence. Further details concerning the syllabuses of these examina- tions, together with notes on books for study, can be obtained on application to the Secretary (C.A.2), Air Ministry, London, W.C.2. IV.—General Examinations in connection with the issue of navigators' licences are held about once every three months at the Air Ministry. Announcements concerning the dates of these examinations are notified periodically in Notices to Airmen. The papers on visual signalling for the second-class licence and general knowledge of wireless telegraphy and of the handling of internal-combustion engines used in aviation for the first-class licence, are not included in the examination at present, but will be introduced on January 1, 1928, when the new regulations come into force. No. 82 of 1926 Fitting of Safety Belts IT is notified that with reference to Notice to Airmen No. 17 of the year 1926 and to the Air Navigation Directions, 1926 (A.N.D.6), para. 49 (1) (i) (a) of which stipulates that 864
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