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Aviation History
1954
1954 - 1011.PDF
9 April 1954 465 SNECMA afterburner, arranged with upper and lower eyelid- type shutters, and delivering a total thrust of 8,380 lb. The latest Atar is the 101G, which is basically an afterburning 101E and rated at 9,260 lb thrust. Most of the present work is aimed at proving the 101E preparatory to mass production; perfecting the afterburning 101F; and developing "variable-section propelling nozzles, characterized by the absence of moving parts." The latter have been tested, as also has an Atar with thrust-reversal. Vulcain. Closely resembling the Atar in general design, the Vulcain is a single-spool axial turbojet of impressive size and potential; it is, in fact, one of the biggest turbojets now running in Europe. Design began in 1951, and it was an initial requirement that the engine should be suitable for use in a variety of types of aircraft, including both intercepters and long- range machines. The Vulcain incorporates all the thousands of hours of Atar experience, and is likewise unusually simple in mechanical design. The first engine was run on May 21, 1952, and, in November of that year, completed its acceptance tests at a rated thrust of 9,920 lb. While ground-testing of a number of Vulcains con tinues at 11,000 lb rating, flight trials are shortly to begin, the aircraft being an 80-ton Armagnac. Several important proto type aircraft are now being designed around this engine. 4 L. The SNECMA R6gnier 4 L is a four-in-line, inverted, air-cooled engine which is extremely popular in France and is in full production. Equipped for arduous work in all weathers (including extended inverted flight), the 4 L has special heat- resisting valves, with sodium-cooled stems and stellited seats; the overhaul life is 800 hr, or up to 1,100 hr in certain conditions. 12 S. The SNECMA Renault 12 S is a fast-rewing, air- cooled inverted vee-12, with a planetary reduction gear and single-speed supercharger. Many hundreds have been made for such aircraft as the SIPA S.12 and M.D.315 Flamant; the type is in production and gives up to 600 h.p. 14 X. The SNECMA 14 X stems from a long series of Gnome-Rhone two-row radial engines, and is a particularly neat, compact and small-diameter power unit. Military and civil variants have been developed, the former having a higher supercharger-ratio; a special helicopter engine has also been fully developed and it is this type which is illustrated. All 14 X engines are made up as complete power units (groupe motopro- pulseur) and particularly advanced cooling and cowling forms have been designed. The direct-drive 14 X-H, as illustrated, can be used at any crankshaft angle between horizontal and vertical, and incorporates a clutch, ejector cooling, and cooling fan. The power quoted makes allowance for fan power, and the maximum power for one hour is 685 h.p. at "progressive r.p.m." and 560 h.p. at constant r.p.m. of 2,500. An odd feature is that valve push-rods for both rows are operated from the same cam ring. Pulse jets. Val'veless pulsejets of the Bertin type are remarkable power units, obtaining their thrust entirely by reson ance, which is controlled solely by the profile of the duct interior. The early types of unit, such as the Escopette, employed a "recuperator," or U-tube with both outlets facing to the rear, mounted at the front of the main intake, so as to turn to useful thrust all the gas expelled from the front of the duct after each explosion. In the later Ecrevisse, the whole duct is bent back along itself, so that both propelling nozzle and intake face rearwards. Each expulsion of gas creates a depression inside the duct sufficient to induce a fresh charge of air, which is then mixed with fuel and ignited. Development of the Ecrevisse and its successors is proving most encouraging. Flight trials have taken place on various gliders, and have proved that the units are properly developed and controllable, although tremendous noise is somediing of a problem. SNECMA Vulcain, turbojet. Axial compressor, annular combustion chamber with sixteen burners, and single-stage turbine. Diameter, 45.6in; length, 127.4m ; dry weight, 3.360 lb; mass flow, over 170 lb/sec: pressure ratio, about 6:1 ; maximum thrust, 11,000 lb. >= fc 3 SNECMA Ecrevisse valveless pulsejet. Length, 97.5in; dry weight 22 lb; ground static thrust, 66.2 lb with s.f.c. of about 1.2lb/hr/lb. SNECMA 14 X-H fourteen- cylinder, supercharged, two- row, air-cooled radial, for rotary-wing applications. Bore, 4.8in; stroke, 4.57in; swept volume, 1,159 cu in (19 litres); diameter, 41.7in over cowling; height, 53.8in; dry weight, 1,095 lb without fan; maximum power, 790 h.p. at 2,700 r.p.m. Turbomeca. Societe Turbomeca, Bordes, Basses-Pyrenees. Under the presiding genius of J. R. Szydlowski, this progressive firm have developed a unique range of small gas turbines which, beginning with aircraft turbojets, now embrace many spheres of propulsion, as well as a variety of static applications. The com pany was originally formed in 1938 to develop air compressors and superchargers; The first engine, the Pimene, was developed during 1948, and flew in a Fouga sailplane the next year. It set the pattern of the later engines, with its simplicity and ruggedness, and in its employment of a patented annular combustion chamber into which finely divided fuel was fed under centrifugal pressure from a disc which rotated on the compressor/turbine shaft. In addi tion to the engines described below, a variety of others have been developed for driving alternators, or other accessories, and for providing compressed air. Turbomeca engines are being made under licence in this country (by Blackburn and General Aircraft) and elsewhere. Pimene. This light turbojet developed 242 lb thrust at 35,000 r.p.m. Five were originally ordered by die French Air Ministry, and the fifdi was the first French turbojet to pass the official acceptance test at Chalais-Meudon. SNECMA Regnier4 L inverted,four-in-line piston engine, ungeared and unsuper charged. Bore, 4.72in; stroke, 5.5in; swept volume, 384.4 cu in (6.3 litres); width, 19.7in; height, 29.9in; length, 53.5in; dry weight, 297 lb; maximum power, 170 h.p. at 2,500 r.p.m. (4 L-02).
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