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Aviation History
1957
1957 - 0497.PDF
Bendix Flight Director. Left hand instrument. A, course set knob; B, reci- procal heading ref; C, "From" flag; D, glide-slope dots; E, selected heading counter; F, aircraft reference; G, glide-slope bar; H, selected heading cursor; J, lubber line; K, "To" flag; L, azimuth ring; M, localizer bar; N, localizer dots. Right hand instrument. A, pitch trim knob; B, ball skid indicator; C, horizon bar; D command index; E, wing tip; F, airplane reference; G, bank angle. Radio Aid Instruments . . . Bendix Aviation Corporation, Eclipse-Pioneer Division, Teterboro,New Jersey. Bendix Flight Director. The Bendix flight director system com-prises two instruments, as illustrated; these are on the flight-path indicator and the flight director indicator. A standard R.M.I, compassmay be included on the panel. The flight-path indicator combines compass heading, omni-bearingselection, localizer or V.O.R. pointer, glide-slope pointer, and "to" or "from" indication. The heading reference is indicated on the outerperiphery of the instrument and "to" and "from" flags on the inner dial are visible through arrowhead cut-outs. Displacement of the air-craft relative to a selected course is shown by rotation of the localizer or V.O.R. dial in respect to the counter indicator at the top of theinstrument. The glide-slope pointer and dial are underneath the localizer pointer dial; when the glide-slope receiver is not in usethe pointer disappears. The flight director indicator provides pitch-and-roll steering com-mands and indicates attitude by conventional presentation. In addition, slip indication—at the base of the instrument—enables the pilot toobey the command signals and maintain co-ordinated turns. Indices on the outer periphery of the instrument provide roll-and-pitch com-mands. When these indices are in line with the aircraft symbol the pilot is in a proper attitude to correct for the course error. The horizonbar indicates the attitude of the aircraft during manoeuvres. When the flight director system is not in use the indices move to the neutralposition, allowing the indicator to be operated as a conventional gyro horizon.Collins Radio Company,^ Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S.A. Collins Integrated Flight System. This system is based upon twoinstruments: a course indicator and an approach horizon. The indicator is a compass card upon which is superimposed a pictorial presentation Collins Integrated Flight System: A, course bar; B. to and from pointer; C, azimuth ring; D, heading marker; E, lubber line; F, miniature aircraft; G, course arrow; H, steering needle; J, glide-slope pointer; K, bank pointer; L, pitch bar; M, horizon; N, pitch trim knob. of the aircraft heading and displacement in relation to the I.L.S. orV.O.R. course. Omni range or localizer course is selected with a setting knob; the aircraft heading is read off the lubber line at the top of theinstrument. A selected V.O.R. or localizer course is flown by rotating the marker arrow to the desired heading and holding it by followingthe steering needle of the approach horizon. This approach horizon combines attitude information with instruc-tions of the action necessary to turn onto or hold a radio or selected magnetic heading. The steering needle can be used either for I.L.S.approaches or for holding cross-country headings; there is a selector on the instrument casing. Glide-slope information is supplied by anarrow moving up and down against a vertical scale and a pitch-trim knob enables the pitch information of the artificial horizon to be"zeroed" to make attitude holding easier. The integrated flight system is designed to form part of the Collins Automatic pilot system, whichincludes the AP-101 automatic pilot. Course line computers. The course line computer uses in- formation from two V.O.R. stations or V.O.R./D.M.E. and con- verts it into the exact position of the aircraft in terms of lateral deviation from a course. Collins Radio Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.Collins NC-101 Navigation System. Pre-punched cards in this system automatically tune two V.O.R. receivers to two V.O.R. stationsand provide the necessary data to the computer about the relative location of the stations. With the Waypoint Selector distance set at"0," the distance indicator reads distance to the master V.O.R. station and the course indicator (already described) indicates the bearing.Should the pilot desire to fly to a different point, not served by V.O.R. station, he may set in the distance and bearing of this point from themaster V.O.R. station by using the Waypoint Selector. Distance and bearing to the waypoint are then shown. The course line computerfeature allowing waypoint selection, may also be obtained by using D.M.E. and single V.O.R. data. Automatic Direction Finding T> ADIO DIRECTION FINDING is dependent for its opera- •"• tion upon the fundamental principle that certain types of aerial are highly directional, so that at a certain angular relationship between the plane of the aerial and a radio transmitter, the re- sponse of the aerial is at a maximum. Such aerials are often in the form of a loop, in which case the strongest signal is received when the plane of the loop is in line with the transmitting station. In A.D.F., the aerial is generally rotated by servo-motors until maximum response is obtained; and the bearing of the station relative to the fore-and-aft line of the aircraft is indicated on a graduated dial in the cockpit. It may also be indicated aurally through earphones or loudspeaker. The bearings from a radio compass may be used for position- fixing (from two stations) tracking towards a transmitter, homing, holding, stacking or—by obtaining a succession of timed bearings from one station—for distance calculation. The use of A.D.F. is complicated by the necessity for very accurate tuning to the chosen radio transmitter on the ground so that the best results may be obtained; and the technique to be followed during homing in making allowance for aircraft drift relative to the radio bearing. A.D.F. generally covers the frequency band between 190-1,750 k/cs which includes broadcast stations and marine and aero- nautical M.F. beacon systems. One or two A.D.F. receivers are considered virtually standard equipment for commercial aircraft and military aircraft are very frequently so equipped. Navigation aids on the ground are still such as to make A.D.F. in many areas almost indispensable. But caution and experience are required for efficient and safe operation. Being based on the lower frequencies A.D.F. is subject to static interference. The aerial system includes a "washing line" sense aerial and the loop. The first is selected on the cockpit control panel for initial tuning to the transmitting station and the bearing is re- ceived only after the selector has been turned to "ADF". Being externally mounted, the "washing line" aerial may be rendered inoperative by ice formation, in which case the automatic work- ing of the loop is lost. A third function is therefore provided on the control panel to select "loop". In this case the loop must be rotated by direct control from a slewing switch on the control box. The R.M.I, needle follows the loop. Aural signals show bearing. Particularly significant developments in A.D.F. equipment are the non-rotating loop, used in the Marconi AD.712 and new tuning display and control. Marconi crystal-controlled tuning, also a feature of the AD.712, is also of major assistance to the pilot in accurately and quickly tuning the receiver. Type AD. 712 Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Lid., Marconi House, Chelmsford, Essex.THE major feature of AD.712 is the crystal-controlled tuning system. The receiver will tune to within 50 c/s of the indicated frequency undernormal working conditions. The Beilini-Tosi system incorporated in this A.D.F. allows the use of a non-rotating, ferrite-cored loop whichprojects only about one inch from the aircraft skin. The only cut-out required is a small hole for cable and socket.AD.712 comprises a double-superhetrodyne receiver, remote control, fixed-loop quadrantal-error corrector (corrections up to 25 deg maybe made), and one or more R.M.I.s. S.B.A.C. or A.R.I.N.C. 530 dimen- sion-specification controllers are available. Power requirements are115 V, 400 c/s, single-phase, and a small 28 V D.C. supply. Type AD. 722 Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd.DESCRIBED as a "subminiature" A.D.F., the AD.722 has been specially developed for single-seater aircraft. The frequency coverageis 200 to 1,700 k/cs. Weight is 22 lb and the required power supply is tapped from the aircraft's primary 28 V D.C. supply. The senseaerial is suppressed in the aircraft skin. The principal units of this direction finder are a fixed loop, R.F.
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