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President has already withheld, and the President may, if necessary, from time to time deduct any deficit owing by the company from any further instalments of the subsidy until the whole deficit has been paid. These clauses are, however, modified somewhat for the first four years of the company's operations to cover the average mileage of the four years. Testing New Types Another clause provides that the company shall " try out under conditions as near as may be to the ordinary conditions of the business experimental types of heavier-than-air civil aircraft or commercial aeroplanes constructed for the President which have successfully passed their tests at Government establishments, and shall also carry out such experimental work as the President may require ; and the President shall repay to the company the net cost price to the company of any work done by the company for the President under this clause, and in ascertaining such net cost no account shall be taken of any establishment or overhead charges or interest on capital outlay." The company shall keep proper records of all flights, both service and experimental, and shall furnish to the President returns embodying such information, as well as allowing an officer of the Air Ministry to inspect any further technical information compiled by the company. Not to Manufacture A further clause debars the company, except with the consent of the President in writing, from manufacturing aircraft or aero engines or holding shares in companies engaged in such work. All construction and important repairs (except in emergency in foreign territory) shall be carried out on British territory, and all aircraft, engines, and accessories shall be of British design and manufacture, subject to the President being satisfied that the costs and profits of the firms supplying the material are reasonable. No pilot is to be employed regularly on the air service without passing a finishing course of instruction in the types of commercial aeroplane he is to pilot; and all the pilots shall be such persons as shall be enrolled in the Air Force Reserve or the Auxiliary Air Force. The members of the technical and administrative ground personnel shall be British subjects or subjects of the Dominions, Colonies, British Protectorates, or British mandated territories in which they are employed ; and 75 per cent, of such persons shall be enrolled, except when the President otherwise agrees, in the Air Force Reserve or the Auxiliary Air Force Reserve or in a Dominion or British Colonial Reserve or Auxiliary Force. Other clauses provide for the proper equipment of the commercial aircraft operated by the company, for the transmission of meteorological in formation by wireless, and the continuance of the aerodrome facilities already provided by the Government to the existing companies. Until after March 31, 1934, or the sooner determination of the agreement, the President will not grant subsidies to any- other commercial air transport company in respect of a heavier-than-air transport service operating in Great Britain and Europe (Europe for the purpose of this sub-clause shall m H Water-cooled Aero Engines THE next London General Meeting of the Institution of Automobile Engineers will be held on Wednesday, January 9, 1924, at The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, St. James's Park, London, S.W. 1, at 6.30 p.m., when Mr. A. J. Rowledge will read a paper entitled " Water-Cooled Aero Engines." Members of the Institution of Aeronautical Engineers have been specially invited to attend this meeting and take part in the discussion. The paper points out that co-operation between the aero plane and the aeroplane engine designer is very necessary. The water-cooled system has many advantages, and will probably continue to be used for aero engines, despite the great advance made in air-cooling, the former being capable of further development. The main criterion for an aero engine is total weight of power plant against the thrust horse power developed. Other requirements are reliability, small head resistance, and cheapness. The successful design of a variable-pitch airscrew or two-speed gear is much overdue, and is now an urgent requirement. The development of the metal airscrew is making satisfactory progress. It appears to be necessary to use gearing between the airscrew and the engine, if each is to be allowed to run at its most efficient speed, for all but very fast machines. When gearing is adopted it is necessary to have at least twelve cylinders to get uniform torque. The 12-cylinder V-engine is a very suitable form to adopt. This paper will also be read before the Coventry members 'of the Institution at the Railway Hotel, Coventry, on Tuesday, January 22, at 7 p.m. be considered as including the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea and to be bounded on the east by the Ural Moun tains, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains), but nothing shall prevent the President granting subsidies to any company or individual in respect of airship or lighter-than-air air transport services whether operating in Great Britain, Europe, or elsewhere. A variation has been made in the allocation of profits from that originally suggested under the Hambling scheme. Ten per cent, on the paid-up capital of the company shall first be . available for distribution among the shareholders, and the balance (if any) shall be applied as to one-third to repayment of the yearly subsidies, as to one other third to the develop ment and improvement of the air service provided by the company and the development of British civil air transport or either of them, in such proportions as the directors think fit ; and the remaining third shall be available for distribution among the shareholders. Provision is made that if and so long as the total amount for the time being repaid to the President out of the third of the profits above 10 per cent, is equal to the total amount of the yearly subsidies which have been paid, no further payment out of profits shall be made to the President, and any balance can be applied as the directors think fit. The company has the right to tender for air services outside the area mentioned above, in respect of which the President may offer any subsidy ; and the operating company can apply to any British, Dominion, Colonial or foreign Government or companies for assistance in the establishment of air services within the British Empire or elsewhere, and receive subsidies in respect of the same. National Emergency The whole of the company's equipment can be taken over by the State in a national emergency, subject to reasonable compensation. The workpeople employed by the company in the United Kingdom, or ordinarily resident there, are to be paid not less than the rates of wages recognised by employers and trade societies in the various districts ; and those of foreign nationality neither more nor less than the standard rate of wages in their several districts. In pursuance of the House of Commons (Disqualification) Acts no member of the House of Commons shall be admitted to any part or share, or to any benefit to arise therefrom. The President may determine the agreement in the event of the company failing to carry out its provisions, or if a winding-up order be made against the company, or if a receiver be appointed, while the company may take similar action by giving the President six months' notice in writing and releasing the President from all claims and liabilities in respect thereof, and paying the President all sums due to the President under the agreement, including any balance of subsidies not then repaid. The final clause provides for the reference of all disputes to a single arbitrator agreed upon by the President and the company, in defult of such agreement the appointment to be made by the Lord^ Chief Justice. H H Visitors are invited to either of the above meetings, and those who desire to take part in the discussion may obtain an advance proof of the paper on application to the Secretary, The Institution of Automobile Engineers, Watergate House, York Buildings, Adelphi, London, W.C. 2. Metal Construction in Denmark THE Rohrbach Metal Aeroplan A/S of Copenhagen have just completed the construction of a twin-engined all-metal flying boat fitted with two Rolls-Royce " Eagle IX " engines mounted above, and slightly ahead of, the leading edge of the wing. The machine was designed by Herr Rohrbach, who was formerly chief designer to the Zeppelin-Staaken works in Germany, and is built rff Duralumin throughout. The preliminary flying tests are said to have been quite .successful, although certain minor modifications are still necessary. The petrol tanks are carried underneath the wing, one on each side, somewhat after the fashion introduced by the Westland biplane in the Martlesham trials, and the fuel is pumped from the main tanks into a gravity tank carried above the engines. The boat is of the relatively narrow- beam type, and lateral stability on the water is ensured by two wing floats placed some distance out. A Desert Air Mail " Record " ACCORDING to The Times Beirut correspondent, the desert air mail service broke all records on December 27 and 28. Leaving Baghdad at 2 p.m. on Thursday, December 27, the mail convoy arrived at Beirut 24 hours later. The actual flying time for the 600 miles of desert is stated to have been 16 hours.
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