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Aviation History
1913
1913 - 0127.PDF
FEBRUARY I, 1913. It is common knowledge that : (a) Winds high up are speedy but more uniform ; (6) Gusts, or variations of speed, occur with all winds near the ground ; (/yGHT] X C>SXC>D * . M ,.1. _ Jfri 1 *i 1 > > • Fig. 2A and 2B. ship, the water, not only near the ship's side, but also a few feet out, is seen to be in eddies with vertical axes disposed in bands slightly inclined to the ship's side (Fig. 2A). Ths smaller eddies are near in and are the most violent—the larger are farther out—the speed of rotation diminishing in any region in proportion as it is farther out. The direction of rotation of the eddies is as if they were rolling like wheels on the ship's side. In the air the same thing happens, save ® ® that owing to the greater kinematic viscosity the belts of eddies extend farther, and that owing to the immense extent of the land the phenomenon is aggravated. A tall chimney smoking in a wide and level country gives rise to patterns which correspond very well with eddies having horizontal axes (Fig. 2B). This represents the simplified normal case. 11. Probably the large extent of land mentioned would, in the long run, so retard the air by friction thai dwellers in a reasonably level country would nearly always live in a calm, such as normally occurs every night. It is the heat of the day and the different rate of heat absorption, with consequent change of buoyancy between wet and dry nodules of air which I surmise causes a mixing up of the lower or calm levels with the upper windy ones, and thus a short time after dawn we say that the wind rises, whereas the upper winds had never stopped—they are merely beginning to penetrate down to us—putting an end to those quiet hours of flying which we associate with the early morning. It is the equable temperature of the night which allows the skin friction between earth and air to establish a steady state unless tht winds aliove are unusually violent. 13. The upshot of this is that vertical irregularities of air move ments are to be expected, not only on high (and perhaps not so much on high with certain exceptions) but close to the ground, and, since an eddy with a horizontal axis involves as much vertical as horizontal disturbance, occur about as freely as horizontal gusts. There is this difference between them to a flyer that, when near the earth, there is no steady vertical wind of which the gustiness is merely a percentage variation. The vertical movement is probably entered into more suddenly and may perhaps be the more difficult to circumvent for this reason. I doubt if anyone can speak positively on this point, but any record of experience would be valuable. To he rontiitued.) ® ® AVIATION EWS. Across the Pyrenees, WHILE most people were wondering when Bielovucic would attempt to cross the Alps, a young Swiss aviator—Oscar Bider— was quietly training at Pau with the object of flying across the Pyrenees to Madrid. The Pyrenees had been crossed several times, notably by Vedrines, Gibert and Garros in the Paris-Madrid race of 1911, but they had all gone over the eastern side. On the 24th ult., Bider mounted his Bleriot monoplane at the Bleriot ground at Pont Long, Pau, and at 7.19 a.m. was officially started. After rising to a good height he steered for Arudy and followed the Ossau Valley past Laruns and the peak of Midi d'Ossau, which is about 9,000 ft. high. He then kept the railway in sight past Jaca, Huesca, Sarragosa, and then through the Ebre Valley to Catalayna. After nearly 5 hrs. of strenuous flying and finding his petrol supply getting very low, Bider decided to land at Guadalajara, which is about 50 kiloms from Madrid. He was there welcomed by Col. Yives, y Vichy, who has done so much to forward aviation in Spain, and other Spanish officers and after a brief rest 'of half an hour or so he restarted for the Spanish capital where he landed safely at the Four Winds Aerodrome at 1.30 p.m. The Bleriot machine, which was fitted with a 70-h.p. Gnome motor and Kegy propeller, behaved splendidly throughout the trip. It is not without interest to note that on January 24th, 1906, Ferdinand Duro accomplished what seven years ago was considered a very note worthy feat by crossing the Pyrenees in a balloon. New World's Speed Records. ON a Caproni monoplane fitted with an 80-h.p. Gnome motor, Slavorossof, on Sunday, set up new Italian speed records for pilot and passenger. 100 kiloms. were covered in 57 m. 45 s. ; 200 kiloms. in I h. 56 m. 30 s. ; and 250 kiloms. in 2 h. 24 m. 30 s. These last two figures are world's records, beating Lieut. Biers' times of 2 h. 3 m. 49 s., and 2 h. 39 m. 37 s. respectively. New Height Record by Legagneux. Miss TREHAWKE DAVIES shares the honour with Legagneux of the French passenger record which, although it is 700 metres short of the world's record, is still sufficiently high to satisfy most people. Starting from Issy a few minutes after twelve on Monday, the 80-h.p. Gnome-Morane monoplane climbed very rapidly, and for some time circled over the military ground. Then Legagneux steered his machine in the direction of Versailles, and for over an hour a little black speck circled in the blue sky about Villacoublay, where a landing was made at io mins. to two. The machine had been in the air for 1 f hours, and the barograph showed that a height of 3,670 metres (12,093 ft.) had been reached. Two bags of shot were carried to make up the weight of Miss Davies to the regulation 70 kilogs. The world's passenger record is4,360 metres (I4.3°3 ft- )> made by Lieut. Blaschke in Austria, while the previous French record was 2,700 metres (8,857 ft.) by Prevost. A Chauviere pro peller was used on Legagneux's machine, and it is stated that the machine, which is of 14 metres span climbed 1,000 metres in 7 mins. 30 sees. ; 2,000 metres in 22 mins. 30 sees, and 3,000 metres in 45 mins. The German Motor Competition. THE competition for aviation motors has resulted in the German Emperor's prize, valued at ,£2,500, being awarded Lo th(. OLYMPJA FEB.I4? 22"~*)9I3. The Poster designed for the Aero Exhibition at Olympia from February 14th to 22nd. 127
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